Robotic surgery originated in the late 1980s through a U.S. Army and Stanford Research Institute initiative to develop remote surgical technology, leading to the development of the 'da Vinci Surgical System'. Finalized in 1999 and approved by the U.S. FDA in 2000, it gained global acceptance. In Japan, adoption expanded rapidly during the 2010s, especially in university hospitals. The 2019 expiration of key da Vinci patents spurred global innovation, including the emergence of domestic systems like "hinotori" which offer improved ergonomics and operability. Future advances are expected through AI integration, enabling real-time analytics, intraoperative risk alerts, automation, and enhanced remote surgery. This session will examine the current state, future directions, and remaining challenges of robotic surgery through expert perspectives from the United States and Japan.