| Invited Lecture(JSGE) |
| Fri. November 22nd 14:00 - 14:30 Room 7: Portopia Hotel South Wing Ohwada C |
| The microbiome: Disease, diet and drugs | |||
| Nimish Vakil | |||
| University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health | |||
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| The gut microbiota has a fundamental role in maintaining homeostasis in humans. The gut microbiota refers to the complete population of organisms including bacteria, fungi, viruses, archea and protozoa. In the healthy gastrointestinal tract, the predominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Gut microbes aid in the absorption of nutrients by fermenting carbohydrates and creating butyrate, a short chain fatty acid that is important for the health of colonocytes. Gut microbes may have the ability to metabolize drugs such as digoxin. The gut microbiota can help metabolize environmental contaminants and participate in communications of cells and organs. Diet has been shown to have a significant effect on the microbiota andthese changes may influence disease incidence. Protein: High protein diets are associated with overall microbial diversity. Pea protein has been shown to increase intestinal short-chain fatty acid levels, which are anti-inflammatory and also contribute to the integrity of the epithelium. Fats: The typical Western diet is both high in saturated and trans fats and low in mono and polyunsaturated fats predisposing consumers to a number of diseases including heart disease, inflammatory diseases and colon cancer. Carbohydrates: Carbohydrates may be digestible or non-digestible. Digestible carbohydrates are broken down in the small intestine and release glucose into portal vein. These sugars consist of glucose, fructose, sucrose lactose and starches. Humans fed high concentrations of these carbohydrates have increased concentrations of Bifidobacteria and reduced Bacteroides. Artificial sweetners also alter the microbiome and increase glucose intolerance. Non-digestable carbohydrates (fiber): Fiber and starch are not digested by humans and travel to the colon where they undergo fermentation producing microbiota accessible carbohydrates (MACs) that colonic bacteria to produce energy for the host. Probiotics: Fermented foods contain micro-organisms benefit the microbiome and treat inflammation. A plant-based diet has a significant effect on the microbiota and there are significant differences with populations where animal proteins predominate. Differences in the microbiota may account for differences in disease prevalence. The change is associate with activation of Toll-like receptors (TLR) and increased inflammation in white adipose tissue. Microbiome associtions with obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome will be discussed and the effects of drugs on the microbiome will be summarized. A proposal for evidence-based evaluation of microbiome studies will be presented. |
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